Of these, “when to spray” may be the most critical decision a grower makes. Injury or stress to a young plant can have lasting effects that aren’t always visible to the naked eye. Understanding crop growth stages—and how they align with product label requirements—is essential for making sound application decisions and protecting yield potential. Let’s start with corn.  

Corn Growth Stages and Application Timing 

Herbicide and crop protection labels typically reference growth stages when outlining application timing. The corn growth stage chart is an excellent resource for understanding these stages.  

VE (Emergence) occurs when the coleoptile reaches and breaks through the soil surface. Corn generally requires about 100–200 growing degree units (GDUs) to emerge, which can take as little as four to five days after planting under warm, moist conditions. During this time, growth is also occurring below ground as the nodal root system begins to develop. 

Emergence can be rapid in favorable soil conditions but may take three weeks or longer in cooler soils. Early in the season, a new leaf typically appears about every three days. As temperatures warm, leaf appearance can accelerate to one new leaf every one to two days. Full season hybrids grown in the central Corn Belt commonly produce 21–22 leaves, while earlier maturing hybrids produce fewer. 

These numbers are important to keep in mind as you plan your spray program. Under favorable conditions, corn can move from planting to the V5–V7 stage within a month. Missing application windows can happen quickly if fields aren’t monitored closely. 

Soybean Staging Considerations 

Soybeans add another layer of complexity, as plants within the same field rarely develop at the same pace. A soybean field is considered to be at a specific V or R stage when 50% or more of the plants are at or beyond that stage. Because of this variability, understanding soybean staging is critical when determining application timing. The soybean growth stage chart is a valuable reference when evaluating field conditions. 

A general rule of thumb is to expect about five days between soybean growth stages, although weather can speed this up or slow it down. One of the most critical stages to be aware of is R1, defined as one open flower at any node on the main stem. Soybean flowers are highly sensitive, and herbicide applications should be avoided at this stage whenever possible. 

R1 can begin before full canopy closure, which can tempt growers to make a final post emergence application. However, the risk at this stage often outweighs the reward. A strong pre-plant and early post program can greatly reduce the need for late season spraying, and a handful of late weed escapes is rarely worth the potential consequences of applying herbicides after flowering begins. 

We need to pay attention to emergence to maximize our yield that will be going into our bins this fall. We like to see everything come up within 24 hours of each other. Many studies have been conducted showing that plants that emerge on Day 2 of emergence can have a 10% yield loss compared to the first plants that emerged. Plants that come up on Day 3, the yield decrease can be close to 40% and those that emerge on Day 4 can have a yield loss of over 80%. The reason behind some of these yield losses is because those bigger brother corn plants will have the opportunity to take more water and nutrients away from the smaller brothers because they were able to get established sooner and they do not leave much for the runts to thrive on.  

It is so crucial that we make sure we are doing everything in our power to allow these corn plants to emerge at the same time. Are we going through our planters well before we hit the fields to make sure the disc openers and scrapers are in optimal condition? Are we making sure we are doing tillage and planting into optimal field conditions and not pushing soil moisture and soil temperature? Are we adding some sort of starter to help those plants get out of the ground easier? Are we looking at the closing systems on our planters to make sure we are closing the seed trench well? These are just a few things to be mindful of when we are thinking about emergence. Let’s get off to a good start and fill our bins with as many bushels as possible this fall.

Make it a great spring and be safe! 

While many factors affecting crop success are beyond our control, it’s important to manage the ones we can. Planting depth often gets a lot of attention, but it isn’t the only—or even the most important—factor in plant development. Soil conditions at planting are just as critical, if not more so. 

For a successful growing season, consider the following: 
Planting into wet soils or working ground that’s too wet can lead to sidewall smearing, compaction from disk openers, and seed trenches that don’t close properly. These issues can result in uneven emergence and seedling. Ideally, the top three to four inches of soil should be dry enough for proper planting conditions. 

Cold weather after planting can also stress corn during emergence and early growth. Aim to plant as early as conditions allow, ensuring that the first few days in the soil support proper kernel imbibition. If the forecast shows temperatures that are continuing to decrease, it would be best to delay planting until our forecasted temperatures are getting warmer, 2-3 days out.  

Finally, avoid reducing planting depth, as shallower placement often leads to lower yields and complications throughout the growing season and at harvest. In recent years, more growers have shifted toward planting fuller-season hybrids for their maturity zones and planting earlier to extend the growing season and maximize yield potential. Just be sure to prioritize optimal conditions when doing so. 

Happy Spring and Happy Planting Season! Good luck to everyone and remember to be safe! 

When soils thaw in early spring, we can see how our alfalfa crop fared. You can get a pretty good indication of your alfalfa crop’s health from the road. If your field is still brown and the neighbor’s field is green, check for injury or death.

The best way to diagnose winter injury is by digging four to six inches deep and then examining the plants’ roots. Healthy roots should be firm and white in color with little evidence of root rot. Winter-killed roots will have a gray, water-soaked appearance early.

If your alfalfa stand has suffered winter injury, assess the field’s yield potential by determining the number of stems per square foot:

Yield (tons/acre) = (Stems/ft2 x 0.1) + 0.38

This calculation should only be used as a guideline as many factors determine yield. Factors that influence winter injury and yield in alfalfa stands include:

• Stand age. Older stands are more likely to winterkill than younger ones.
• Variety. Varieties with superior winter-hardiness ratings and a high disease resistance index are less likely to experience winter injury.
• Soil pH. Stands growing on soil with a pH about 6.6 are less likely to experience winter injury.
• Soil Fertility. Stands with high fertility, particularly potassium, are less likely to experience winter injury than those with low fertility.
• Soil moisture. Alfalfa grown on well-drained soils is less prone to winter injury.
• Fall soil moisture status. As dehydration is the primary means of tolerating freezing temperatures, stands that go into winter with low soil moisture are better able to lose moisture and are less likely to winterkill.
• Cutting management. Both harvest frequency and timing of fall cutting affect alfalfa winter hardiness. The shorter the interval between cuttings, the greater the risk of winter injury. Stands where the last cutting was taken between Sept. 1 and Oct. 15 are at greater risk, as plants are unable to replenish root carbohydrate reserves before winter.
• Snow cover. Snow is an excellent insulator. Four inches of snow can result in a 10°F difference in soil temperatures. Stands that were not cut after Sept. 1 or that have at least six inches of stubble retain more snow cover and are less susceptible to winter injury.

While we cannot control what Mother Nature delivers during the winter months, we can take steps to control or reduce alfalfa winter injury. Now is the time to think about getting your alfalfa orders in so you are ready for the seasons ahead.

Contact your local Latham® dealer or call our office at 877-GO-LATHAM (877-465-2842); we’d love to assist you with any questions you may have.

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1. How early is too early?
2. Is the soil temperature warm enough to start planting?
3. What depth should I be planting?

Q1: Generally, farmers maximize corn yield when they plant in late April or early May.
This holds true IF conditions are fit for planting. A mid-April planting date produces similar yield if young plants are not damaged by a freeze in May. In years with few growing degree days in late April and the first half of May, farmers can maximize corn yield when planting in mid-May.

When spring arrives early, farmers should weigh the risks and benefits of planting earlier than usual. Farmers with federal crop insurance will lose replant coverage if they plant before the earliest allowable planting dates specified by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Risk Management Agency — even if they must replant due to factors other than freeze damage or poor emergence.

Seed treatments and planting high quality seed are a must with early planting.

Q2: Before planting, check the weather forecast and soil temperatures for your area.

It’s wise to check the soil temperature early in the morning of each field that you intend to plant. Wet soils and fields with more crop residue tend to have lower soil temperatures relative to drier soils or fields with less crop residue. Check the seed tag or talk to your seed dealer about the cold tolerance of your corn hybrids. Be aware that hybrids vary in cold tolerance.

Certainly, plant hybrids that have more tolerance for colder temperatures first. However, be aware that “imbibitional chilling” is a physical phenomenon that can override genetics. Imbibitional water uptake occurs within the first 48 hours after a seed is planted.

Once planted, corn seeds need a two-day (48-hour) window when the soil temperature at planting depth does not drop much below 50°F. When soil temperatures drop much lower than 50°F within that 48-hour time frame, chilling injury may affect seed germination and subsequent seedling growth.

During the osmotic phase of water uptake, which starts about 48 hours after the initial imbibitional phase of water uptake ends, the risk of chilling injury approaches zero. Thereafter, temperatures below 50°F can slow germination and delay seedling emergence. This can result in a longer exposure to soil-borne pathogens, particularly in soggy wet soils. If you expect the latter, use fungicide seed treatment for at least your earliest planted corn fields.

When corn seeds imbibe (take up) water, cell membranes stretch and cells expand. When a damaged cell membrane rehydrates, it may not return to its normal shape and size. This can create a “leaky” cell. Water is at its densest at about 39°F, so when cold water is imbibed additional membrane damage occurs. These ruptured membranes may occur in the cell walls and in the mitochondria. In the plant, this action may disrupt the embryo/endosperm enzymatic conversion to energy. It likely interferes with the emerging seedling’s development and reduces the plant’s growth rate.

• Debate exists about what specific temperature and timing causes imbibitional chilling. However, corn seeds that imbibe cold water (in the low 40s) in the first 48 hours after planting undoubtedly are affected.
• Planting when soil temperatures are above 50°F — and are not anticipated to drop much below this during the following 48 hours — alleviates concerns of imbibitional chilling affecting corn emergence.

Q3: Check seed depth and seed depth consistency across your planter units.

The “set it and forget it” approach to seed depth isn’t the best idea. To get corn off to the best start, it is important to achieve both rapid and consistent emergence following planting.

One aspect of achieving rapid and consistent plant emergence is by choosing the correct seeding depth and ensuring there is adequate and uniform moisture at the chosen seeding depth. The most common seeding depths recommended for corn range between 2.0 and 2.5 inches deep, and these planting depths can work very well within most conditions. However, certain soil moisture conditions at planting may warrant further examination/change in seeding depth.

A corn seed imbibes soil moisture within the first 24 to 48 hours after planting, therefore maintaining both adequate and uniform moisture at seeding depth (not too wet and not too dry) within the first 48 hours is important. If the soil remains too dry, then the seed may be delayed in emergence until precipitation occurs. Furthermore, if the soil remains saturated after planting, the seed may rot and die.

Contact your local Latham® representative to find out more information about ideal planting depth for your area, or call 1.877.GO.LATHAM.

Seed treatments are one of the most efficient crop protection technologies as they reduce farmers’ need for foliar spray applications. They also offer some certainty because field and weather conditions can prevent farmers from entering the field to apply fungicide and/or insecticide after seeding.

Applying treatment directly on the seed before planting protects seeds and young plants, regardless of field conditions. Because seed treatment is a targeted, one-time application of pesticides to seeds, seedlings are protected during their most vulnerable stages of growth. Spraying fungicides or insecticides during these early growth stages is unlikely to be as effective because sprays are less targeted.

Treated seeds carry a precise amount of pesticide that protects the seed during early growth, which is the critical growth period before and during germination. Seed treatments also are a “curative treatment,” protecting plants against seed-borne diseases.

Research shows that seed treatments deliver more robust seedlings to farmers, protect plant stands and maximize yield potential. Conversely, farmers not using seed treatments in high pest pressure areas can see yield losses of 50% or more.

Help secure a return on your seed investment with seed treatment! But don’t just take our word for it… take crop notes this growing season and compare data from multiple years. The Latham Team is here to answer your questions at 1-877-GO-LATHAM (877-465-2842).

If you liked this article, watch this episode of Beyond the Bushel. John Latham and Justin Prokosch break down Latham’s three new soybean blends, what makes each unique, how they can help boost results this season and why they are exited to be apart of Victrato® with TYMIRIUM® technology, a new seed treatment from Syngenta. 

Did you enjoy this article? We want to (TECH)talk with you! Sign up for our newsletter to receive agronomy article in your inbox! We’ll TALK soon.

Victrato®, TYMIRIUM®, and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. 

Why Plant Alfalfa in the Fall?

Fall seeding gives growers the chance to establish stands before spring workloads
ramp up. When timed properly, seedlings have enough growing degree days to form
strong root systems, preparing them to survive the winter and thrive in spring.

Optimal Fall Planting Windows

To maximize success, fall seeding must be timed with local frost dates in mind. Alfalfa
needs about 4–6 weeks of growth before the first hard frost to germinate and establish
properly.

Iowa

Southern one-third of the state: Plant by September 1.
Aim to complete seeding no later than four weeks before the first expected
frost, which is usually in late September.

Minnesota

Plant before the typical first frost date, which is around September 1 in
many regions.
Fall planting helps extend the growing season and build a strong root
system, but fields should be well-drained to avoid winter injury.

Wisconsin

Southeast regions: Mid- to late-September can work, but ensure planting
wraps up 4–6 weeks before frost.
Always check soil conditions, fertility and moisture levels before planting to
set the stand up for success.

In conclusion

While fall seeding can be a smart way to get a jump on next year, it requires attention to
both timing and soil conditions. For specific product recommendations and management
advice, connect with your local Latham® representative.

J-Class Soybeans Take Center Stage

One of the most talked-about moments of Latham Dealer Kickoff was the debut of our J-Class Soybeans. Designed to give our dealers and customers an edge on every acre, Latham’s J-Class Soybeans are so good they’re in a class by themselves.

We’re introducing 32 new J-Class varieties for 2026 planting, 12 of which carry our Ironclad protection for superior disease resistance and standability. With yield potential and agronomic strength like this, we’re confident J-Class will be a game-changer for farmers across Latham Country.

Learning from the Experts

Dealer Kickoff also featured an engaging presentation from Dr. Greg Tylka of Iowa State University, a leading authority on soybean cyst nematode (SCN) management. Dr. Tylka shared the latest research on SCN-resistant soybean varieties, how resistance is changing over time and the critical role of field scouting in protecting yields. His insights reinforced the importance of pairing top-tier genetics — like J-Class — with proactive SCN management strategies.

Dr. Greg Tylka, Iowa State University

Raising Money for Cancer Research

Midwesterners mark celebrations with special foods, and Latham Dealer Kickoff is no exception. This year we held a dessert auction to raise money for our Seeds of Hope campaign and raised more than $4,600. Special thanks to Tony Friesen of 2 Pins Bakery in Mankato for working with us to provide 15 different types of delicious cakes and pies including Whopper, Reece’s, Andes Mint, Snickerdoodle, French Silk and more!

During our annual banquet, we feasted on pork loin. Special thanks to Iowa Pork for sharing the following recipe with us! 

Building Momentum for 2026

Dealer Kickoff isn’t just about new products. It’s about building relationships, sharing strategies and setting the tone for the year ahead. From networking with fellow dealers to learning about programs designed to drive early orders, every conversation pointed toward one goal: helping farmers make the most of every field, every season.

With the Freedom of Independence guiding our decisions and the unmatched performance of J-Class Soybeans in our lineup, we’re ready to make the 2026 sales year one for the record books.

Thank you to every dealer who made the trip to Mankato. Your dedication is the reason we can remain independent, innovative and focused on what matters most.

Print

Pork Loin

Prep Time 1 day day

Cook Time 1 hour hour

Equipment

• 1 Bowl
• 1 Large resealable plastic bag
• 1 Roasting pan, rimmed cookie sheet, or 9×13 pan
• Aluminum foil

Ingredients

• 1/4 cup extra-virgin olive oil
• 8 large garlic cloves chopped
• 1 bunch of rosemary 1/2 cup, leaves only, coarsely chopped OR 2 1/2 Tablespoons dried rosemary
• 2 teaspoons salt
• 1/2 teaspoon ground black pepper
• 2 pounds center-cut pork loin

Instructions

• Preheat the oven to 400 F.
• In a small bowl, mix olive oil with the garlic, rosemary, salt and pepper.
• Rub the mixture all over the pork. Transfer the pork and marinade to a large, resealable plastic bag and refrigerate overnight.
• Spray oil in a roasting pan if you have one. If not, use a rimmed cookie sheet or 9×13 pan. To re-create the roasting rack, place a metal cooling rack in the bottom or use aluminum foil. Tear off approximately 12” of foil; form it into a snake and then into a ring. Make as many rings as you need to keep the pork loin off the bottom of the pan. This promotes circulation of the heat underneath and around your loin, which helps the meat to cook evenly.
• Place your seasoned pork, fat side up, in your prepared pan.
• Add oiled/seasoned vegetables around your pork loin to make it a complete meal. Use vegetables that require longer cook times like potatoes, squash, sweet potatoes, brussels sprouts, and carrots.
• Roast in a 400 F oven for 15 minutes. This gives you that nice crispy crust that everyone loves!
• Turn your oven temperature down to 325 F (no need to open the oven) and continue cooking until pork reaches an internal temperature of 145 F. The time will vary based on the size of your loin and what you are cooking with it. Check it after 30 minutes with a meat thermometer and add small time increments as needed. Do not exceed 145 F with any pork loin recipe! Pork is very lean, so overcooking it will result in a dry and tough product.
• Once your pork loin has reach 145 F, remove it from the oven and cover it loosely with aluminum foil. A 3-minute rest will redistribute the juices throughout the meat before you cut into it. This is key to succulent pork!

Latham’s 2025 Corn Hybrids

Latham’s 2025 corn hybrid lineup includes three new hybrids with great Tar Spot scores. If you’re seeing Tar Spot in your fields this growing season, consider one of these for 2025 planting:

Early scouting and timely treatment are critical in managing this disease and protecting yield potential.

Understanding Tar Spot

Tar spot is caused by the fungus Phyllachora maydis and can be identified by its characteristic black, tar-like spots on corn leaves. These spots can merge, causing significant leaf damage, which leads to reduced photosynthesis, premature leaf senescence, and ultimately, lower yields. The disease thrives in cool, humid conditions and can spread quickly, making early detection essential.

The Importance of Early Scouting

Scouting early and often is your best defense against tar spot. Begin monitoring your fields as soon as conditions become favorable—typically in late spring or early summer when temperatures are cool, and humidity is high. Keep a close eye on the lower canopy, where the disease usually starts. Catching tar spot in its early stages allows you to make informed decisions about fungicide applications, which can help mitigate the disease’s impact.

Treatment Strategies

If tar spot is detected, a timely fungicide application is crucial. Choose fungicides with proven efficacy against tar spot and apply them at the right growth stage for maximum effectiveness. In some cases, a second application may be necessary, especially in high-risk environments or when conditions favor disease development.

Top-Performing Latham Hybrids

At Latham Seeds, we’ve been rigorously testing our hybrids in a variety of conditions to ensure they can withstand the challenges posed by tar spot. Learn more about how hybrids handle Tar Spot this fall during Training in Excellence (TIE) plots!

By prioritizing early scouting and timely treatment, and by choosing hybrids with strong disease resistance, you can minimize the impact of tar spot on your fields. As always, we’re here to support you with the best products and agronomic advice to help you succeed.

“It was really interesting to me,” Aaron says. “Cattle have always been in my family, but I really got interested in the meat side of things.”

So much so that he and his wife, Cory, decided six years ago to grow that side of their own family business. The couple live on the Steenhoek family’s Iowa Century Farm in Pella, where Aaron and his dad run a cow-calf operation. They also grow corn and soybeans, as well as summer forage, rye and alfalfa as feed for their herd.

Now, Aaron and Cory also have a feedlot at Black Oak Acres. Aaron says they buy four or five groups throughout the year – feeding roughly 150 to 160 head annually —  in order to keep a constant flow of cattle on the farm. He’s particular about only buying cattle private treaty, or directly from a small number of trusted producers.

“They don’t go through a sale barn or auction. We go and pick them up straight from the farm,” Aaron says. “It keeps the cattle from being exposed to other cattle, which keeps them healthier.”

Aaron, who is also a regional sales manager for Latham Seeds, says he and Cory decided a few years ago to apply for a retail license to sell their farm-raised beef direct to consumers. Until then, they had been relying on local outlets to retail it for them. Now they have an inspected space right on the farm where they can sell cuts and bundles themselves.

Aaron says the retail business has been nice because people can fill in with particular cuts even when Black Oak Acres might be a month or two out on product. Customers can buy in smaller amounts, too.

“But what’s really great is that people know where their beef is coming from and how it’s been treated,” he says. “We never use growth hormones or antibiotics.”

The Steenhoeks are careful stewards of the land — both for quality nutrition for their animals and conservation practices to protect it for generations to come.

“Stewarding the land and the livestock is important to me,” Aaron says. “We really enjoying educating people about livestock and cattle in particular. There’s a lot of misconceptions and misinformation out there, because people are more removed from the farm life in general these days.”

Piedmontese Cattle

Included in Aaron’s herd are four Piedmontese cattle, a rare breed that is known for being a leaner, premium-tasting but lower-calorie choice in beef. This is because Piedmontese are myostatin free, meaning they have a higher lean-to-fat ratio and do not develop the fatty marbling of traditional breeds. In addition, Piedmontese have lower levels of cholesterol, making it a healthier option for some people.

Aaron says the texture of Piedmontese is different, and it needs to cook more slowly and at a lower temperature than more common cuts of beef.

“But when it’s cooked right, you can almost cut it with a fork,” he says. “It’s that good.”

Aaron and Cory have four children: Emmett, Rhett, Klay and Quinn. They both graduated from Central College with degrees in exercise science and health promotion. When she’s not helping out on the farm, Cory is a personal fitness trainer. Today they’re sharing a family favorite recipe for National Beef Month.